This book is of interest regarding acid mine drainage (AMD), an important environmental problem caused by the natural weathering of metal sulfides during the utilization of mineral resources. In the AMD-contaminated watershed environment, a large number of metastable iron-sulfate secondary minerals are often formed, which can adsorb and co-precipitate heavy metals within AMD. At the same time, mineral transformation determines the rerelease behavior of heavy metals and their fate in different phases. This book introduces the scientific problems of biochemically controlled processes and heavy metal release mechanisms driven by various environmental factors as follows: ① migration and fate of metallic elements in the mud impoundment and the affected river; ② SO24 -migration in an AMD-affected river; ③ mineralogical characteristics of sediments in an AMD-affected river; ④ Fe- and S-metabolizing microbial communities in an AMD-affected river ecosystem; ⑤ chemical and biological transformations of secondary mineral phases in AMD-affected river sediments.This theoretical framework will help to clarify the migration pathways and internal mechanism of heavy metals in mining areas, thus providing insight into the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in such areas.